A review of over the counter medication safety, affordability, and prevalence

Jahnavi Chitteti; Sribharathi Yeddu; Afroz Patan; Prapurna Chandra Yadala

doi:10.38022/ajhp.v5i4.114

Chitteti Jahnavi B. Pharmacy, IV Year, Ratnam Institute of pharmacy, Pidathapolur, (V & P), Muthukur (M), SPSR Nellore District-524 346, Andhra Pradesh.
Yeddu Sribharathi Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Ratnam Institute of pharmacy, Pidathapolur, (V & P), Muthukur (M), SPSR Nellore District-524 346, Andhra Pradesh.
sribharathiyeddu@gmail.com
Afroz Patan Professor and HOD, Department of pharmacy practice, Ratnam Institute of Pharmacy, Pidathapolur (V & P), Muthukur (M), SPSR Nellore District-524 346, Andhra Pradesh
Yadala Prapurna Chandra Principal and Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Ratnam Institute of Pharmacy, Pidathapolur, (V & P), Muthukur (M), SPSR Nellore District-524 346, Andhra Pradesh

DOI https://doi.org/10.38022/ajhp.v5i4.114

Abstract

Over-the-counter (OTC) medications have become a cornerstone of modern self-care, allowing individuals to independently treat common ailments such as headaches, colds, and digestive discomfort without medical supervision. Their widespread availability offers substantial benefits—reducing unnecessary doctor visits, cutting healthcare costs, and empowering consumers to take control of their health. Globally, 60–80% of adults report using OTC products, with even higher rates in Europe and growing adoption across India and other low- and middle-income countries. Economic analyses show that every dollar spent on OTC drugs can save up to seven dollars in healthcare expenditure, highlighting their value to both individuals and health systems. However, the convenience of OTC access is coupled with significant risks. Misuse, accidental overdose, drug interactions, and inappropriate self-diagnosis contribute to adverse outcomes, particularly among vulnerable groups such as children, pregnant women, and the elderly. The misuse of antibiotics sold as OTC in some regions further fuels antimicrobial resistance—a major global health concern. Regulatory frameworks vary widely across countries, with strong safety controls in the US and Europe but substantial enforcement gaps in India and other developing markets. Education gaps also persist, as many users fail to read labels or underestimate potential side effects. This review evaluates the prevalence, benefits, risks, and regulatory challenges of OTC medication use. A balanced approach—strengthening regulation, enhancing pharmacist involvement, and improving public awareness—is essential to ensure that OTC drugs continue to support health without compromising safety.

Keywords: Over-the-counter medications, self-medication practices, Healthcare cost savings, Drug safety and misuse, Antimicrobial resistance, Regulatory challenges

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