Assessment of Risk Factors In Chronic Kidney Disease Patients At Tertiary Care Hospital In Nellore
- Ch.Jahnavi B. Pharmacy, IV Year, Ratnam Institute of pharmacy, Pidathapolur, (V & P), Muthukur (M), SPSR Nellore District-524 346, Andhra Pradesh.
- J.Deepika B. Pharmacy, IV Year, Ratnam Institute of pharmacy, Pidathapolur, (V & P), Muthukur (M), SPSR Nellore District-524 346, Andhra Pradesh.
- P.Geethanjali B. Pharmacy, IV Year, Ratnam Institute of pharmacy, Pidathapolur, (V & P), Muthukur (M), SPSR Nellore District-524 346, Andhra Pradesh
- K.Meghana B. Pharmacy, IV Year, Ratnam Institute of pharmacy, Pidathapolur, (V & P), Muthukur (M), SPSR Nellore District-524 346, Andhra Pradesh.
- A.Harshith B. Pharmacy, IV Year, Ratnam Institute of pharmacy, Pidathapolur, (V & P), Muthukur (M), SPSR Nellore District-524 346, Andhra Pradesh.
-
Yeddu Sribharathi
Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Ratnam Institute of pharmacy, Pidathapolur, (V & P), Muthukur (M), SPSR Nellore District-524 346, Andhra Pradesh.
sribharathiyeddu@gmail.com
- Yadala Prapurna Chandra Principle and Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Ratnam Institute of Pharmacy, Pidathapolur, (V & P), Muthukur (M), SPSR Nellore District-524 346, Andhra Pradesh.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the different risk variables in Nellore patients with chronic renal disease. Method: From November 2025 to March 2026, a six-month prospective observational study was carried out. The patient's demographic chart and kidney health assessment questionnaire were used to gather the data, which was then examined using descriptive statistics. The chi-square test and correlation were used to determine the primary risk factor. Results: According to the current study, the main risk factor for both males and females is hypertension (p=0.0001), however other risk factors such diabetes, obesity, and alcohol use are also important. It was discovered that the average age of CKD patients was 46.24 for females and 49.02 for men. Conclusion: In both males and females with chronic renal disease, hypertension was identified as the primary significant risk factor. However, compared to women, men are more likely to have hypertension as a risk factor for chronic renal disease. These chronic kidney diseases are also influenced by other risk factors such diabetes mellitus, smoking, alcohol, obesity, hypotension, stroke, urinary tract infections, drug-induced nephrotoxicity, etc. The prevalence of end-stage renal disease can be decreased by identifying the main risk factors.
Keywords:
chronic kidney disease, anemia, Human leukocyte antigens
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29. Charuhas V. Thakar, Annette Christianson, Jonathan Himmelfarb, and Anthony C. Leonard†Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6 Acute Kidney Injury Episodes and Chronic Kidney Disease Risk in Diabetes Mellitus: 2567-2572, 2011.
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31. C. Michael Fored, M.D., Elisabeth Ejerblad, M.D.. Per Lindblad, M.D., Ph.D. Jon P. Fryzek, Ph.D., Paul W. Dickman, Ph.D., Lisa B. Signorello, Sc.D.. Loren Lipworth, Sc.D., Carl-Gustaf Elinder, M.D., Ph.D., William J. N Engl J Med 2001 Acetaminophen, Aspirin, and Chronic Renal Failure 345:1801 1808 December 20, 2001.
32. Ritesh Vernearl Sunil Dharinani and Vikram prabha Majority of patents had fast rate of progression of kidney failure. November 2005 148-151.
33. Carlos M. Orantes MD, Raül Herrera MD PhD DrSc. Miguel Almaguer MD, Elsy G. Brizuela MD. Chronic Kidney Disease and Associated Risk Factors in theBajo Lempa Region of El Salvador: Nefrolempa Study 2009, MEDICC Review, October 2011, Vol 13, No 4.
34. Robert Thomas, M.D.1.2, Abbas Kanso, M.D.1.2. and John R. Sedor, M.D.1,2,3 Prim Care Chronic Kidney Disease and Its Complications. PMC 2009 June 1.
2. Abdelmajeed Ginawil. Hussain Gadelkarim Ahmed2. Awdah M. Al hazımi3 Assessment of Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease in Saudi Arabia Ibrahim Volume 3 Issue 7, July 2014
3. Berthouv F. Jones E, Gellert R.1999. With the participation or the National Registries. Epidemiological data of treated end-stage renal failure in the European Union (EU) during the year 1995. Nephrology Dial Transplant 14 2332-2342.
4. National Kidney Foundation (2002). KDOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease" Retrieved 2008-06-29.
5. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and associated risk factors-United States, 1999-2004". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 56 (8): 161-5. March 2007. PMID 17332726.
6. M. Orantes MD, Raúl Herrera MD PhD Dr Sc, Miguel Almaguer MD, Elsy G. Brizuela MD, Carlos E. Hernández MD Chronic Kidney Disease and Associated Risk Factors in the Bajo Lempa Region of El Salvador Nefrolempa Study, 2009 Carlos.
7. Michael J, Paul K, Bryan L, Randall MS. 1996 Jan 4. Blood Pressure and
8. ESRD in Men. The New England journal of medicine 1(334):13-18.
9. Barri YM: Hypertension and kidney disease: a deadly connection. Curr Cardiol Rep 2006, 8:411-417.
10. Charuhas V. Thakar, Annette Christianson, Jonathan Himmelfarb, and Anthony C. Leonard Clin J Am Soc Nephrol Acute Kidney Injury Episodes and Chronic Kidney Disease Risk in Diabetes Mellitus 6: 2567-2572, 2011. doi: 10.2215/CJN.01120211.
11. Whelton PK, Randall B, Neaton J, Stamler J, Brancati FL, Klag MJ: Cigarette smoking and ESRD incidence in men screened for the MRFIT [Abstract]. J Am Soc Nephrol 6: 408A, 1995.
12. Thomas V. Perneger, Paul K. Whelto.1994 dec 22.renal Failure Associated with the Use of Acetaminophen, Aspirin, and Non steroidal Anti inflammatory Drugs. The new England journal of medicine 25 (331):1675-1679.
13. Laura Plantinga, Vanessa Grubbs, Urmimala Sarkar, etal. Nonsteroidal Anti Inflammatory Drug Use among Persons with Chromc Kidney Disease in the UnitedStates. Ann Fam Med. 2011 September, 9(5): 423-43
14. Andrew D. Rule, Eric J. Bergstralh, L. Joseph Melton, III,Xujian Li, Amy L Weaver,and John C. Lieske Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4Kidney Stones and the Risk for Chronic 10.2215/CJN.05811108. Kidney Disease 804-811. 2009 doi:
15. Obesity and chronic kidney diseaseG. EknoyanRenal Section, Department of Medicine. Baylor College of Medicine. Houston, Texas (USA)Nefrologia 2011;31(4):397-403
16. Charles E, Iribarren C, Hsu C, Darbinian J.2006 May 2. Body Mass Index and Risk for ESRD. Ann Intern Med 144:700-701.
17. Oregon Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 1 Urinary Tract Infections in Patients with Chronic Renal Insufficiency David N. Gilbert Department of Medical Education, Providence Portland Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, 327-331, 2006. doi: 10.2215/CJN.01931105.
18. Peter Stenvinkel, Juan Jesu's Carrero, Jonas Axelsson, Bengt Lindholm, Olof Heimbu" rger, and Ziad MassyClin J Am Soc Nephrol 3 Emerging Biomarkers or Evaluating Cardiovascular Risk in the Chronic Kidney Disease Patient:505-521, 2008. doi: 10.2215/CJN.03670807
19. Orantes MD. Raúl Herrera MD PhD DrSc. Miguel Almaguer MD, Elsy G. Brizuela MD.Carlos E. MEDICC Review Chronic Kidney Disease and Associated Risk Factors in theBajo Lempa Region of El Salvador Nefrolempa Study, 2009Carlos M., October 2011, Vol 13, No 4.
20. Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, Greene T, Rogers N. Roth D: A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med 130: 461-470, 1999.
21. GFR Calculator, Glomerular Filteration Rate Calculation based on Creatinine HealthyCalculators.com.html.
22. Moeller. S, Gio berge S, Brown G. 2002. ESRD patient in 2001: global over view of patient treatment modalities and development trends. Oxfords journals 17(12):2071-2076.
23. C. Ronco, P. M. Ghezzi, A. Brendolan. C. Crepaldi and G. La Greca Nephrol Dial Transplant (1998) 13 [Suppl 6]: 3-9
24. Baticha A. Abdallah S. Maghaireh M. Awad W. Al Akash N.2007 May June. epidemiology and cost of haemodialysis in Jordan. Eastern Mediterranean health journal 13 (3):654-664
25. Pendse S. Singh A, Zawada E. Initiation of Dialysis. In: Handbook of Dialysis, 4th ed. New York, NY: 2008:14-21.
26. School AC, engelgauMM, HostetterTH, et al chronic kidney disease a public health problem that needs a public health action plan 2006; 2934-2941.
27. Andrews.leveyMD: Josefcoresh MD PhD, Ethan Balk MD MPH. www.Kidneyorg/professional/ KDOQI/ pdf/ Med2003 CKD guidelines.pdf National kidney foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease, evaluation, classification, and stratification 2003.137-147.
28. Abdelmajeed Ginawil, Hussain Gadelkarim Ahmed2, Awdah M. Al hazimi3 Assessment of Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease in Saudi Arabia Ibrahim Volume 3 Issue 7, July 2014.
29. Charuhas V. Thakar, Annette Christianson, Jonathan Himmelfarb, and Anthony C. Leonard†Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6 Acute Kidney Injury Episodes and Chronic Kidney Disease Risk in Diabetes Mellitus: 2567-2572, 2011.
30. MURRAY EPSTEIN, M.D. Alcohol's Impact on Kidney Function VOL 21 NO. 1, 1997
31. C. Michael Fored, M.D., Elisabeth Ejerblad, M.D.. Per Lindblad, M.D., Ph.D. Jon P. Fryzek, Ph.D., Paul W. Dickman, Ph.D., Lisa B. Signorello, Sc.D.. Loren Lipworth, Sc.D., Carl-Gustaf Elinder, M.D., Ph.D., William J. N Engl J Med 2001 Acetaminophen, Aspirin, and Chronic Renal Failure 345:1801 1808 December 20, 2001.
32. Ritesh Vernearl Sunil Dharinani and Vikram prabha Majority of patents had fast rate of progression of kidney failure. November 2005 148-151.
33. Carlos M. Orantes MD, Raül Herrera MD PhD DrSc. Miguel Almaguer MD, Elsy G. Brizuela MD. Chronic Kidney Disease and Associated Risk Factors in theBajo Lempa Region of El Salvador: Nefrolempa Study 2009, MEDICC Review, October 2011, Vol 13, No 4.
34. Robert Thomas, M.D.1.2, Abbas Kanso, M.D.1.2. and John R. Sedor, M.D.1,2,3 Prim Care Chronic Kidney Disease and Its Complications. PMC 2009 June 1.
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Ch, J., J, D., P, G., K, M., A, H., Yeddu, S., & Yadala, P. C. (2026). Assessment of Risk Factors In Chronic Kidney Disease Patients At Tertiary Care Hospital In Nellore. Asian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 6(3), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.38022/ajhp.v6i3.149
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