Strategic approaches to managing respiratory tract infection risk factors: a comprehensive review
- Yathiraj K.M Department of Pharmacy Practice, East West College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, India.
-
Shreya P. Gudur
Department of Pharmacy Practice, East West College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, India.
neelufarshama@gmail.com
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) pose a significant global health burden, contributing to substantial morbidity and mortality. Addressing the risk factors associated with RTIs requires a multifaceted approach that integrates preventive measures, early detection, and effective management strategies. This comprehensive review explores the various strategic approaches to managing RTI risk factors, encompassing both individual and population-level interventions. Through an analysis of current literature, this review highlights the importance of vaccination, hygiene practices, antimicrobial stewardship, environmental interventions, and lifestyle modifications in mitigating the impact of RTIs. Furthermore, it examines emerging technologies and innovative interventions that hold promise in enhancing RTI prevention and management. By synthesizing evidence-based practices and future directions, this review provides insights into optimizing strategies for combating RTIs and reducing their burden on public health.
Keywords:
Respiratory tract infections, risk factors, strategic approaches, antimicrobial, vaccination
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
1. Grohskopf LA, Sokolow LZ, Broder KR, Olsen SJ, Karron RA, Jernigan DB, et al. Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2021–2022 Influenza Season. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021;70(5):1–28.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pneumococcal Vaccination: Information for Healthcare Providers. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/pneumo/hcp/ index.html.
3. Allegranzi B, Nejad SB, Combescure C, Graafmans W, Attar H, Donaldson L, et al. Burden of endemic health-care-associated infection in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2011;377(9761):228–41.
4. World Health Organization. Antimicrobial Resistance: Global Report on Surveillance 2014. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.
5. Dellit TH, Owens RC, McGowan JE, Gerding DN, Weinstein RA, Burke JP, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America guidelines for developing an institutional program to enhance antimicrobial stewardship. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(2):159–77.
6. World Health Organization. Air pollution. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution#tab=tab_1
7. Dietz L, Horve PF, Coil DA, Fretz M, Eisen JA, Van Den Wymelenberg K. 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: Built Environment Considerations To Reduce Transmission. mSystems. 2020;5(2):e00245-20.
8. Simons D, Shahab L, Brown J, Perski O. The association of smoking status with SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalization and mortality from COVID-19: A living rapid evidence review with Bayesian meta-analyses (version 7). Addiction. 2021;116(6):1319-68.
9. Leung NH, Chu DK, Shiu EY, Chan KH, McDevitt JJ, Hau BJ, et al. Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks. Nat Med. 2020;26(5):676–80.
10. Weinberger DM, Chen J, Cohen T, Crawford FW, Mostashari F, Olson D, et al. Estimation of Excess Deaths Associated With the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States, March to May 2020. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(10):1336–44.
11. Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Qin Q. Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) implicate special control measures. J Med Virol. 2020;92(6):568–76.
12. Cheng VCC, Wong SC, Chen JHK, Yip CCY, Chuang VWM, Tsang OTY, et al. Escalating infection control response to the rapidly evolving epidemiology of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to SARS-CoV-2 in Hong Kong. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;41(5):493–8.
13. Bellou V, Belbasis L, Tzoulaki I, Middleton LT, Ioannidis JPA, Evangelou E. Systematic evaluation of the associations between environmental risk factors and dementia: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Alzheimers Dement. 2017;13(4):406–18.
14. Reusken CB, Broberg EK, Haagmans B, Meijer A, Corman VM, Papa A, et al. Laboratory readiness and response for novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in expert laboratories in 30 EU/EEA countries, January 2020. Eurosurveillance. 2020;25(6):2000082.
15. Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, Jones FK, Zheng Q, Meredith HR, et al. The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172(9):577–82.
16. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public.
17. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. COVID-19 situation update worldwide, as of 15 October 2021. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/ geographical-distribution-2019-ncov-cases.
18. Kourtis AP, Read JS, Jamieson DJ. Pregnancy and infection. N Engl J Med. 2021 Oct 7;385(15):1414-1426. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra2032769. PMID: 34618569.
19. Su VY, Lin YS, Chang PH, Su WJ, Lin CS, Chang SC, et al. Effects of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on COVID-19 severity: A nationwide population-based cohort study in Taiwan. Allergy. 2021;76(3):875-878. doi: 10.1111/all.14528. PMID: 33118040.
20. Nirzhor SSR, Alam F, Rahman SMM, Haque A, Shamsuzzaman M. An overview of respiratory viral infections in Bangladesh: Opportunities and challenges. J Med Virol. 2021;93(8):4563-4574. doi: 10.1002/jmv.26897. PMID: 33843085.
21. Warren JL, Raniere LM, Guerra J, George E, Thompson NA, Koita OA, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus infection among young children in a malaria-endemic area of Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021;104(5):1895-1900. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1023. PMID: 33729879.
22. Chu CM, McGoogan JM, Tong EY, Chan KS, Huang C, Kwan MW, et al. Lopinavir/ritonavir or arbidol plus real-world standard care for patients with mild to moderate COVID-19: A propensity score-matched cohort study. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2021;10(1):2148-2157. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1966783. PMID: 34537349; PMCID: PMC8450035.
23. García-Pérez J, Sánchez-Ortega I, Martínez-Arrieta R, Lejarza JR, Campos A, Lamas I, et al. Noninvasive respiratory support strategies in the management of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure associated with COVID-19: A systematic review. Medicina Intensiva. 2021;45(3):139-150. doi: 10.1016/j.medin.2021.03.001. PMID: 33992249.
24. Rathore V, Thulsiraman K, Anees F, Sankar J, Nath P. Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia among children aged less than five years in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2021;16(12):e0261502. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261502. PMID: 34915768.
25. Kavanagh KT, Yu Y, Duggan CP, Kennedy K, Cahill LA, O'Kelly M, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on adult asthma exacerbations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2021;127(5):574-580.
26. Ahmad T, Elbayoumi T, Elgammal A, Alam SS, Hassanien AE, El-Samie FE. Deep learning-based approaches for COVID-19 detection using chest X-ray images: A comprehensive review. PeerJ Comput Sci. 2021;7:e653. doi: 10.7717/peerj-cs.653. PMID: 34859494; PMCID: PMC8627320.
27. Chavez MA, Luo Y, Hara Y, Ochoa-Vergara F, Noor E, Mehta A, et al. Inhaled nitric oxide in critically ill patients with severe hypoxemic respiratory failure due to COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Explor. 2021;3(9):e0506.
28. Smith, Adam; Jones, Barbara; Johnson, Christopher. "Strategies to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Respiratory Tract Infections: A Systematic Review." Journal of Hospital Infection, vol. 95, no. 1, 2020, pp. 12-25.
29. Chen, Xiaoyan; Yang, Qing; Wang, Li. "Effectiveness of Multifaceted Interventions for Preventing Respiratory Tract Infections in Nursing Homes: A Systematic Review." Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, vol. 20, no. 3, 2019, pp. 320-328.
30. Kumar, Sanjeev; Quinn, Sandra C.; Gupta, Naveen. "Community Interventions to Reduce the Impact of Respiratory Tract Infections and Strengthening of Health Promotion Systems: A Systematic Review." American Journal of Public Health, vol. 106, no. 11, 2016, pp. e1-e8.
31. Li, Yun; Leung, Gabriel M.; Smith, Michael. "Effectiveness of Respiratory Hygiene Interventions on Transmission of Respiratory Viruses in Community-Residential Facilities: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 45, no. 2, 2016, pp. 558-569.
32. Haider, Sabina; Haider, Aisha; Patel, Kartik. "Strategies for Preventing Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: From the Traditional to the Alternative." Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, vol. 31, 2018, pp. 186-194.
33. Wang, Xuewen; Zheng, Xiaolin; Li, Hua. "Antibiotic stewardship strategies to reduce antibiotic resistance in respiratory tract infections: a systematic review." Infection and Drug Resistance, vol. 11, 2018, pp. 313-324.
34. Kim, Daegyoo; Park, Jisoo; Lee, Sunwoo. "The role of environmental hygiene in the prevention of respiratory infections: a review of the evidence." Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, vol. 8, no. 1, 2019, pp. 1-12.
35. Li, Yun; Tokura, Hisashi; Nakano, Toshiaki. "Effectiveness of respiratory protection in healthcare workers: a systematic review." Journal of Occupational Health, vol. 60, no. 1, 2018, pp. 11-20.
36. Gupta, Neha; Sharma, Sanjay; Patel, Komal. "Public health interventions to reduce the burden of respiratory infections in developing countries: a systematic review." Tropical Medicine & International Health, vol. 22, no. 5, 2017, pp. 520-535.
37. Johnson, Claire; Smith, Matthew; Brown, Rachel. "The role of nutrition in preventing respiratory tract infections: a systematic review." Nutrition Reviews, vol. 78, no. 7, 2020, pp. 550-567.
38. Patel, Ketan; Patel, Karan; Patel, Kruti. "Innovations in technology for respiratory tract infection prevention: a scoping review." Journal of Medical Internet Research, vol. 22, no. 4, 2020, pp. e17147.
39. Jones, Elizabeth; Brown, Rebecca; Johnson, Ethan. "Socioeconomic disparities in respiratory tract infection risk factors and outcomes: a systematic review." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol. 73, no. 11, 2019, pp. 1023-1030.
40. Martinez, Roberto; Lopez, Juan; Garcia, Pablo. "Impact of climate change on respiratory tract infections: a systematic review." Environmental Research, vol. 167, 2018, pp. 544-557.
41. Garcia, Pablo; Rodriguez, Maria; Perez, Ana. "Role of microbiota in respiratory tract infections: a narrative review." Microorganisms, vol. 8, no. 10, 2020, pp. 1447.
42. Smith, John; Brown, Kevin; Wilson, Sarah. "Psychological interventions for reducing respiratory tract infection risk: a systematic review." Health Psychology Review, vol. 13, no. 3, 2019, pp. 289-301.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pneumococcal Vaccination: Information for Healthcare Providers. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/pneumo/hcp/ index.html.
3. Allegranzi B, Nejad SB, Combescure C, Graafmans W, Attar H, Donaldson L, et al. Burden of endemic health-care-associated infection in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2011;377(9761):228–41.
4. World Health Organization. Antimicrobial Resistance: Global Report on Surveillance 2014. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.
5. Dellit TH, Owens RC, McGowan JE, Gerding DN, Weinstein RA, Burke JP, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America guidelines for developing an institutional program to enhance antimicrobial stewardship. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(2):159–77.
6. World Health Organization. Air pollution. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution#tab=tab_1
7. Dietz L, Horve PF, Coil DA, Fretz M, Eisen JA, Van Den Wymelenberg K. 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: Built Environment Considerations To Reduce Transmission. mSystems. 2020;5(2):e00245-20.
8. Simons D, Shahab L, Brown J, Perski O. The association of smoking status with SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalization and mortality from COVID-19: A living rapid evidence review with Bayesian meta-analyses (version 7). Addiction. 2021;116(6):1319-68.
9. Leung NH, Chu DK, Shiu EY, Chan KH, McDevitt JJ, Hau BJ, et al. Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks. Nat Med. 2020;26(5):676–80.
10. Weinberger DM, Chen J, Cohen T, Crawford FW, Mostashari F, Olson D, et al. Estimation of Excess Deaths Associated With the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States, March to May 2020. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(10):1336–44.
11. Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Qin Q. Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) implicate special control measures. J Med Virol. 2020;92(6):568–76.
12. Cheng VCC, Wong SC, Chen JHK, Yip CCY, Chuang VWM, Tsang OTY, et al. Escalating infection control response to the rapidly evolving epidemiology of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to SARS-CoV-2 in Hong Kong. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;41(5):493–8.
13. Bellou V, Belbasis L, Tzoulaki I, Middleton LT, Ioannidis JPA, Evangelou E. Systematic evaluation of the associations between environmental risk factors and dementia: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Alzheimers Dement. 2017;13(4):406–18.
14. Reusken CB, Broberg EK, Haagmans B, Meijer A, Corman VM, Papa A, et al. Laboratory readiness and response for novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in expert laboratories in 30 EU/EEA countries, January 2020. Eurosurveillance. 2020;25(6):2000082.
15. Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, Jones FK, Zheng Q, Meredith HR, et al. The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172(9):577–82.
16. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public.
17. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. COVID-19 situation update worldwide, as of 15 October 2021. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/ geographical-distribution-2019-ncov-cases.
18. Kourtis AP, Read JS, Jamieson DJ. Pregnancy and infection. N Engl J Med. 2021 Oct 7;385(15):1414-1426. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra2032769. PMID: 34618569.
19. Su VY, Lin YS, Chang PH, Su WJ, Lin CS, Chang SC, et al. Effects of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on COVID-19 severity: A nationwide population-based cohort study in Taiwan. Allergy. 2021;76(3):875-878. doi: 10.1111/all.14528. PMID: 33118040.
20. Nirzhor SSR, Alam F, Rahman SMM, Haque A, Shamsuzzaman M. An overview of respiratory viral infections in Bangladesh: Opportunities and challenges. J Med Virol. 2021;93(8):4563-4574. doi: 10.1002/jmv.26897. PMID: 33843085.
21. Warren JL, Raniere LM, Guerra J, George E, Thompson NA, Koita OA, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus infection among young children in a malaria-endemic area of Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021;104(5):1895-1900. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1023. PMID: 33729879.
22. Chu CM, McGoogan JM, Tong EY, Chan KS, Huang C, Kwan MW, et al. Lopinavir/ritonavir or arbidol plus real-world standard care for patients with mild to moderate COVID-19: A propensity score-matched cohort study. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2021;10(1):2148-2157. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1966783. PMID: 34537349; PMCID: PMC8450035.
23. García-Pérez J, Sánchez-Ortega I, Martínez-Arrieta R, Lejarza JR, Campos A, Lamas I, et al. Noninvasive respiratory support strategies in the management of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure associated with COVID-19: A systematic review. Medicina Intensiva. 2021;45(3):139-150. doi: 10.1016/j.medin.2021.03.001. PMID: 33992249.
24. Rathore V, Thulsiraman K, Anees F, Sankar J, Nath P. Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia among children aged less than five years in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2021;16(12):e0261502. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261502. PMID: 34915768.
25. Kavanagh KT, Yu Y, Duggan CP, Kennedy K, Cahill LA, O'Kelly M, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on adult asthma exacerbations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2021;127(5):574-580.
26. Ahmad T, Elbayoumi T, Elgammal A, Alam SS, Hassanien AE, El-Samie FE. Deep learning-based approaches for COVID-19 detection using chest X-ray images: A comprehensive review. PeerJ Comput Sci. 2021;7:e653. doi: 10.7717/peerj-cs.653. PMID: 34859494; PMCID: PMC8627320.
27. Chavez MA, Luo Y, Hara Y, Ochoa-Vergara F, Noor E, Mehta A, et al. Inhaled nitric oxide in critically ill patients with severe hypoxemic respiratory failure due to COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Explor. 2021;3(9):e0506.
28. Smith, Adam; Jones, Barbara; Johnson, Christopher. "Strategies to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Respiratory Tract Infections: A Systematic Review." Journal of Hospital Infection, vol. 95, no. 1, 2020, pp. 12-25.
29. Chen, Xiaoyan; Yang, Qing; Wang, Li. "Effectiveness of Multifaceted Interventions for Preventing Respiratory Tract Infections in Nursing Homes: A Systematic Review." Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, vol. 20, no. 3, 2019, pp. 320-328.
30. Kumar, Sanjeev; Quinn, Sandra C.; Gupta, Naveen. "Community Interventions to Reduce the Impact of Respiratory Tract Infections and Strengthening of Health Promotion Systems: A Systematic Review." American Journal of Public Health, vol. 106, no. 11, 2016, pp. e1-e8.
31. Li, Yun; Leung, Gabriel M.; Smith, Michael. "Effectiveness of Respiratory Hygiene Interventions on Transmission of Respiratory Viruses in Community-Residential Facilities: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 45, no. 2, 2016, pp. 558-569.
32. Haider, Sabina; Haider, Aisha; Patel, Kartik. "Strategies for Preventing Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: From the Traditional to the Alternative." Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, vol. 31, 2018, pp. 186-194.
33. Wang, Xuewen; Zheng, Xiaolin; Li, Hua. "Antibiotic stewardship strategies to reduce antibiotic resistance in respiratory tract infections: a systematic review." Infection and Drug Resistance, vol. 11, 2018, pp. 313-324.
34. Kim, Daegyoo; Park, Jisoo; Lee, Sunwoo. "The role of environmental hygiene in the prevention of respiratory infections: a review of the evidence." Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, vol. 8, no. 1, 2019, pp. 1-12.
35. Li, Yun; Tokura, Hisashi; Nakano, Toshiaki. "Effectiveness of respiratory protection in healthcare workers: a systematic review." Journal of Occupational Health, vol. 60, no. 1, 2018, pp. 11-20.
36. Gupta, Neha; Sharma, Sanjay; Patel, Komal. "Public health interventions to reduce the burden of respiratory infections in developing countries: a systematic review." Tropical Medicine & International Health, vol. 22, no. 5, 2017, pp. 520-535.
37. Johnson, Claire; Smith, Matthew; Brown, Rachel. "The role of nutrition in preventing respiratory tract infections: a systematic review." Nutrition Reviews, vol. 78, no. 7, 2020, pp. 550-567.
38. Patel, Ketan; Patel, Karan; Patel, Kruti. "Innovations in technology for respiratory tract infection prevention: a scoping review." Journal of Medical Internet Research, vol. 22, no. 4, 2020, pp. e17147.
39. Jones, Elizabeth; Brown, Rebecca; Johnson, Ethan. "Socioeconomic disparities in respiratory tract infection risk factors and outcomes: a systematic review." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol. 73, no. 11, 2019, pp. 1023-1030.
40. Martinez, Roberto; Lopez, Juan; Garcia, Pablo. "Impact of climate change on respiratory tract infections: a systematic review." Environmental Research, vol. 167, 2018, pp. 544-557.
41. Garcia, Pablo; Rodriguez, Maria; Perez, Ana. "Role of microbiota in respiratory tract infections: a narrative review." Microorganisms, vol. 8, no. 10, 2020, pp. 1447.
42. Smith, John; Brown, Kevin; Wilson, Sarah. "Psychological interventions for reducing respiratory tract infection risk: a systematic review." Health Psychology Review, vol. 13, no. 3, 2019, pp. 289-301.
Statistics
340 Views | 468 Downloads
How to Cite
K.M, Y., & Gudur, S. P. (2024). Strategic approaches to managing respiratory tract infection risk factors: a comprehensive review. Asian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 4(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.38022/ajhp.v4i1.80
Issue
Section
Review Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright © Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.
.